They allow patch and minor updates for versions >1.0.0, patch updates for versions =0.1.0, and no updates for versions =4.2.1 =0.2.2 =0.0.2 =4.2.1 =4.2.0 =4.2.0 with exceptions "~4.2.1" matches ">= 4.2.1 = 4.2.0 = 4.0.0 x.0 for versions 1 and up and ~> 0.x.0 for versions less than 1 and greater than 0.0.1Ĭaret ranges are another take on pessimistic version constraints that do not have a shorthand equivalent in Ruby, i.e., to my knowledge, they're a special breed.In other words, the upper end of the range is determined by the smallest level of the declared constraint: Tilde ranges for NPM are equivalent to Ruby's pessimistic version constraint, the squiggly arrow ~>. The upper end of the range is determined by the smallest level of the declared constraint. To limit the upper end of the range, say, to allow minor updates up to the next major version: gem "devise", ">= 4.7", ", or the pessimistic version constraint. To lock a gem dependency to an exact version, we would declare the gem's name and its version as follows: gem "devise", "4.7.1"Ī more optimistic constraint would be to provide an open-ended range that will install or update to a version of the gem that satisfies the range. Let's refresh the conventions used in the Gemfile. Where they differ is in the use of special characters to declare acceptable ranges. the declaration "webpack": "4.41.2" indicates webpack major version 4, minor version 41, and patch version 2. Both Ruby and NPM dependencies usually follow SemVer, that will format a constraint as, i.e. Like the Gemfile, package.json has a convention to specify version constraints. Subscribe to my newsletter to learn more about using webpack with Rails. If you're a Rubyist and the version syntax looks odd, then this post is for you. It might include a section like this: "dependencies": "~4.2.1", For example, a newly created Rails 6 application will have generated a package.json file because, by default, it ships with webpack and related NPM dependencies to compile JavaScript assets. Of note, some projects use both Gemfile and package.json. To answer this question, we'll compare how Rubyists declare Ruby project dependencies in a Gemfile with conventions used to declare NPM module dependencies in a package.json file. What do the tilde ~ and caret ^ designations mean for version constraints in a package.json file? In this post, I want to answer the following question for Rubyists: Let us know on twitter or in the comments if there are any other tricks that we should include, or if you have any semver blog series talks projects about feedĪ guide to NPM version constraints for Rubyists This means that >1.4.0-c will include any tagged version that starts with c, d, e. One thing to note, the comparison for prerelease tags takes into account alphabetical order. For example, >1.4.0-beta.0 includes all the betas for version 1.4.0. You can also use comparators like > to include a range of prereleases for a particular version. To do this, you include the prerelease tag in the version number. But sometimes you want to include them anyway. This is because prerelease versions are meant to be unstable and are expected to have breaking changes. Include prerelease versionsīy default, prerelease versions are not included in a range. You can even chain these together to create very complex ranges, though you should only do that if you really really need to (which you probably don’t). You can set ~ as the default on your local machine with npm config set save-prefix='~'. This would mean that you want either 1.3.15 or a higher version number that starts with 1.3 (it is in the same minor range). This tells npm that you want either 1.3.15 or a version that is greater than that but still starts with 1 (it is in the same major range). For example, npm install -save angular would add "angular": "^1.3.15" to the dependencies in your package.json. The caret (aka hat) symbol, ^, is used by default when you npm install -save a package. Some semver ranges you might want to try… The basics: caret and tilde With it, you can test out even the most intricate of semver ranges to see if they mean what you think they mean. That’s why we’re introducing the npm semantic version calculator. It turns out that there is a range which allows that, 1.3.x || >1.4.0-beta.0, but when I asked around, very few people knew that… including folks at npm. He was looking for a semver range for Angular that would include everything in the 1.3.x range and would also allow the beta version of 1.4.0. Introducing the npm semantic version calculatorĪ few weeks back, I saw a question from Kent Dodds about semver. Updates from the npm team are now published on the
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